Abstract
Plug‐in electric vehicles (PEVs) have immense potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil fuels, and for smart grid applications. Although a great deal of research is focused on technological limitations that affect PEV battery performance targets, a major and arguably equal concern is the constraint imposed by the finite availability of elements or resources used in the manufacture of PEV batteries. Availability of resources, such as lithium, for batteries is critical to the future of PEVs and is, therefore, a topic that needs attention. This study addresses the issues related to lithium availability and sustainability, particularly supply and demand related to PEVs and the impact on future PEV growth. In this paper, a detailed review of the research on lithium availability for PEV batteries is presented, key challenges are pinpointed and future impacts on PEV technology are outlined.
Recommended Citation
O. Egbue et al., "Resource Availability and Implications for the Development of Plug‐In Electric Vehicles," Sustainability (Switzerland), vol. 14, no. 3, article no. 1665, MDPI, Feb 2022.
The definitive version is available at https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031665
Department(s)
Engineering Management and Systems Engineering
Keywords and Phrases
Batteries; Electric vehicles; Energy; Lithium; Lithium intensity; Li‐ion batteries; Plug‐in electric vehicles; Reserves; Resource availability
International Standard Serial Number (ISSN)
2071-1050
Document Type
Article - Journal
Document Version
Final Version
File Type
text
Language(s)
English
Rights
© 2023 The Authors, All rights reserved.
Creative Commons Licensing
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Publication Date
01 Feb 2022
