Abstract

Metal additive manufacturing has become a powerful tool to develop customized metal alloys and to discover more advanced properties for novel extended applications. Ti-Ni based shape memory alloy is a group of intriguing smart functional materials, and adding a small amount of a third element can promote and induce more attractive functions. Due to the difficulty in traditional processing and the unique feature of material flexibility of in-situ alloying in additive manufacturing processes, not only Ti-Ni binary shape memory alloys but also Ti-Ni-X ternary shape memory alloys can be developed, manufactured, and investigated in-depth by additive manufacturing. This paper provides a brief review of the development of Ti-Ni based ternary shape memory alloys using metal additive manufacturing. The research status regarding a variety of Ti-Ni-X ternary alloys was summarized based on the classification of the two most widely used metal additive manufacturing processes: directed energy deposition and powder bed fusion. The main manufacturing issues were discussed and suggested, and the recommended research directions were made for future development.

Department(s)

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering

Publication Status

Open Access

Comments

Intelligent Systems Center, Grant CMMI 1625736

Keywords and Phrases

Additive Manufacturing; Alloy Development; Directed Energy Deposition; Material Design; Powder Bed Fusion; Ternary Shape Memory Alloy; Ti-Ni Based Shape Memory Alloy

International Standard Serial Number (ISSN)

2949-8228

Document Type

Article - Journal

Document Version

Final Version

File Type

text

Language(s)

English

Rights

© 2026 Elsevier, All rights reserved.

Creative Commons Licensing

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Publication Date

01 Apr 2026

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Available for download on Wednesday, April 01, 2026

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