Abstract
Direct numerical simulations (DNS) are performed to investigate the spatial evolution of flat-plate zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layers over long streamwise domains (Formula Presented, with Formula Presented the inflow boundary-layer thickness) at three different Mach numbers, Formula Presented, Formula Presented and Formula Presented, with the surface temperatures ranging from Quasi adiabatic to highly cooled conditions. The settlement of turbulence statistics into a fully developed equilibrium state of the turbulent boundary layer has been carefully monitored, either based on the satisfaction of the von Kármán integral equation or by comparing runs with different inflow turbulence generation techniques. The generated DNS database is used to characterize the streamwise evolution of multiple important variables in the high-Mach-number, cold-wall regime, including the skin friction, the Reynolds analogy factor, the shape factor, the Reynolds stresses, and the fluctuating wall quantities. The data confirm the validity of many classic and newer compressibility transformations at moderately high Reynolds numbers (up to friction Reynolds number Formula Presented) and show that, with proper scaling, the sizes of the near-wall streaks and superstructures are insensitive to the Mach number and wall cooling conditions. The strong wall cooling in the hypersonic cold-wall case is found to cause a significant increase in the size of the near-wall turbulence eddies (relative to the boundary-layer thickness), which leads to a reduced-scale separation between the large and small turbulence scales, and in turn to a lack of an outer peak in the spanwise spectra of the streamwise velocity in the logarithmic region.
Recommended Citation
J. Huang et al., "Direct Numerical Simulation Of Hypersonic Turbulent Boundary Layers: Effect Of Spatial Evolution And Reynolds Number," Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol. 937, article no. A3, Cambridge University Press, Apr 2022.
The definitive version is available at https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2022.80
Department(s)
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Publication Status
Open Access
Keywords and Phrases
compressible boundary layers; hypersonic flow; turbulent boundary layers
International Standard Serial Number (ISSN)
1469-7645; 0022-1120
Document Type
Article - Journal
Document Version
Citation
File Type
text
Language(s)
English
Rights
© 2023 Cambridge University Press, All rights reserved.
Publication Date
25 Apr 2022
Comments
National Science Foundation, Grant CBET 2001127