Abstract
To explain the observed X-ray data in a black hole–accreting matter system and understand the physical mechanisms behind QPOs, we have numerically modeled the dynamical and oscillation properties of the shock cone formed around both slowly and rapidly rotating Hartle–Thorne black holes, resulting from the mechanism of Bondi–Hoyle–Lyttleton (BHL). According to the numerical simulations, an increase in the quadrupole parameter leads to a decrease in the shock cone opening angle around the black hole. A larger quadrupole parameter results in more matter falling into the black hole within the cone. The combination of the quadrupole parameter and black hole rotation causes the matter inside the cone to exhibit chaotic motion. These dynamical changes and chaotic behavior of the shock cones excite the fundamental oscillation modes. Moreover, new frequencies have been formed due to the nonlinear coupling of the fundamental modes. Conversely, we have numerically studied the behavior of cones formed around rapidly rotating Hartle–Thorne black holes and found differences and similarities to those obtained from slowly rotating cases. Finally, comparing the outcomes obtained from Hartle–Thorne gravity with the results from Kerr and Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet (EGB) gravities reveals the impact of the quadrupole parameter on the shock cone and QPOs.
Recommended Citation
O. Donmez and F. Dogan, "The Shock Cone Instabilities and Quasi-Periodic Oscillations around the Hartle–Thorne Black Hole," Universe, vol. 10, no. 4, MDPI, Mar 2024.
The definitive version is available at https://doi.org/10.3390/universe10040152
Department(s)
Materials Science and Engineering
Publication Status
Open Access
Keywords and Phrases
Numerical Relativity; Rotating Black Hole; Alternative Gravities; BHL; QPOs
International Standard Serial Number (ISSN)
2218-1997
Document Type
Article - Journal
Document Version
Citation
File Type
text
Language(s)
English
Rights
© 2026 The Authors, All rights reserved
Creative Commons Licensing
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Publication Date
2024-03-24
Comments
Acknowledgments: All simulations were performed using the Phoenix High Performance Computing facility at the American University of the Middle East (AUM), Kuwait. In order to improve the linguistic quality and to correct grammatical errors in the paper, AI has been used. I would also like to thank the anonymous referees for their contributions to improving the quality of the paper.