Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is caused by the triplication of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21), resulting in skeletal insufficiency (low bone mineral density) and altered bone development. DS mouse models recapitulate these deficits, including sexual dimorphism in long bone alterations. Historically, Ts65Dn mice provided much of the insight behind DS-related skeletal deficits with ∼100 trisomic orthologous genes, but there are concerns about the genetic fidelity in this model due to the included triplication of genes not homologous to Hsa21. A new DS model, Ts66Yah, subtracted the non-Hsa21 homologous trisomic genes from Ts65Dn but has not been evaluated for long bone deficits. Comparing skeletal phenotypes between these models can determine the contribution of non-Hsa21 homologous trisomic genes and whether the Ts66Yah mouse is relevant as a model for DS-associated skeletal deficits. After assessing individual densitometric, morphometric, and mechanical variables in male and female Ts66Yah femurs at similar ages to when skeletal deficits were observed in Ts65Dn mice, structural phenotypes were directly compared to those of Ts65Dn mice using a novel multivariate principal components analysis method to generate composite scores. Overall, structural and mechanical bone phenotypes of the femur appeared milder in Ts66Yah compared to Ts65Dn mice. The appearance of developmental trabecular microarchitecture deficits, but not other abnormalities, was evident earlier in Ts65Dn than Ts66Yah mice. Dyrk1a, a gene triplicated in both models, affected skeletal structure differently in each model, likely through differing gene interactions. The novel principal components analysis detected subclinical phenotypes lost in individual analyses, which could be advantageous when determining overall skeletal deficits.
Recommended Citation
K. Sloan et al., "Genetic Analysis of Triplicated Genes Affecting Sex-specific Skeletal Deficits in Down Syndrome Model Mice," G3 Bethesda Md, vol. 16, no. 5, Genetics Society of America; Oxford University Press, May 2026.
The definitive version is available at https://doi.org/10.1093/g3journal/jkag056
Department(s)
Mathematics and Statistics
Publication Status
Open Access
Keywords and Phrases
appendicular skeleton; construct validity; femur; micro-computed tomography; Mus musculus; sex differences; Trisomy 21; Ts65Dn; Ts66Yah
International Standard Serial Number (ISSN)
2160-1836
Document Type
Article - Journal
Document Version
Final Version
File Type
text
Language(s)
English
Rights
© 2026 Genetics Society of America; Oxford University Press, All rights reserved.
Creative Commons Licensing
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Publication Date
06 May 2026
PubMed ID
41788027
