Abstract
The recent pandemic has led to the fabrication of new nucleic acid sensors that can detect infinitesimal limits immediately and effectively. Therefore, various techniques have been demonstrated using low-dimensional materials that exhibit ultrahigh detection and accuracy. Numerous detection approaches have been reported, and new methods for impulse sensing are being explored. All ongoing research converges at one unique point, that is, an impetus: the enhanced limit of detection of sensors. There are several reviews on the detection of viruses and other proteins related to disease control point of care; however, to the best of our knowledge, none summarizes the various nucleotide sensors and describes their limits of detection and mechanisms. To understand the far-reaching impact of this discipline, we briefly discussed conventional and nanomaterial-based sensors and then proposed the feature prospects of these devices. Two types of sensing mechanisms were further divided into their sub-branches: polymerase chain reaction and photo spectrometric-based sensors. The nanomaterial-based sensor was further subdivided into optical and electrical sensors. The optical sensors included fluorescence (FL), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), colorimetric, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), while electrical sensors included electrochemical luminescence (ECL), microfluidic chip, and field-effect transistor (FET). A synopsis of sensing materials, mechanisms, detection limits, and ranges has been provided. The sensing mechanism and materials used were discussed for each category in terms of length, collectively forming a fusing platform to highlight the ultrahigh detection technique of nucleotide sensors. We discussed potential trends in improving the fabrication of nucleotide nano sensors based on low-dimensional materials. In this area, particular aspects, including sensitivity, detection mechanism, stability, and challenges, were addressed. The optimization of the sensing performance and selection of the best sensor were concluded. Recent trends in the atomic-scale simulation of the development of Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sensors using 2D materials were highlighted. A critical overview of the challenges and opportunities of deoxyribonucleic acid sensors was explored, and progress made in deoxyribonucleic acid detection over the past decade with a family of deoxyribonucleic acid sensors was described. Areas in which further research is needed were included in the future scope.
Recommended Citation
M. M. Azeem et al., "Nucleotide Detection Mechanism and Comparison based on Low-Dimensional Materials: A Review," Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, vol. 11, article no. 1117871, Frontiers Media, Jan 2023.
The definitive version is available at https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2023.1117871
Department(s)
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering
Second Department
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Keywords and Phrases
deoxyribonucleic acid; detection; field effect transistor; nucleotide sensors; polymerase chain reaction; sensors; surface plasmon resonance
International Standard Serial Number (ISSN)
2296-4185
Document Type
Article - Journal
Document Version
Final Version
File Type
text
Language(s)
English
Rights
© 2024 The Authors, All rights reserved.
Creative Commons Licensing
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Publication Date
01 Jan 2023
Included in
Aerospace Engineering Commons, Architectural Engineering Commons, Civil and Environmental Engineering Commons, Mechanical Engineering Commons
Comments
Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University, Grant 2389