Relationship Between the Synthesis of Prussian Blue Pigments, Their Color, Physical Properties, and Their Behavior in Paint Layers

Abstract

Prussian blue pigments, highly insoluble mixed-valence iron(III) hexacyanoferrate(II) complexes of typical stoichiometry Fe4 III[FeII(CN)6]3·xH 2O or KFeIII[FeII(CN)6] ·xH2O, have been used as pigments in oil paintings and watercolors for 300 years. For poorly understood reasons, these pigments often fade with time. Although the preparation methods have been recognized since the mid-eighteenth century as a contributory factor in the fading of the pigment, the spectral and physical properties of Prussian blue that vary with the type of synthesis were not precisely identified. Several Prussian blue pigments have been prepared by different methods and characterized by thermogravimetric analyses, high-energy powder X-ray diffraction, atomic absorption and flame emission, UV-visible, iron-57 Mössbauer, iron K-edge X-ray absorption, and Raman spectroscopy. The type of synthesis influences the hue, tinting strength, and hiding power properties of the Prussian blue pigments. Two major features appear to be strongly dependent on the preparative methods, the particle size and the local disorder. Both a nitrogen atmosphere and an intermediate aging step of the Berlin white, Fe2 II[FeII(CN) 6], during the synthesis are required to obtain a highly colored pigment through the optimization of particle size, minimization in the perturbations to the FeII-CN-FeIII intervalence electron transfer pathway, and the minimization of disordered vacancies. The potassium containing Prussian blue structure has been revisited. It can be described with the Pm3m space group, where approximately one-quarter of the [Fe II(CN)6]4- sites are vacant and where the potassium cation is located at a zeolitic-like position inside the lattice cavities. The degree of ordering of the [FeII(CN)6] 4- vacancies in all Prussian blues was quantified using atomic pair distribution analysis, an ordering that is consistent with the iron K-edge X-ray absorption spectra. The presence of strain in the crystals is observed by both powder X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The structural similarity between the alkali-free, improperly referred to as "insoluble", and the alkali containing, "soluble", Prussian blues may explain why the two varieties are almost undistinguishable by spectroscopic techniques.

Department(s)

Chemistry

Keywords and Phrases

Atomic Pair Distribution; Electron Transfer Pathways; Nitrogen Atmospheres; Powder X Ray Diffraction; Spectroscopic Technique; Ssbauer Spectroscopies; Structural Similarity; X-ray Absorption Spectrum; Molybdenum; Particle Size; Raman Spectroscopy; Stoichiometry; Thermogravimetric Analysis; X Ray Absorption; X Ray Diffraction; Iron

International Standard Serial Number (ISSN)

1932-7447

Document Type

Article - Journal

Document Version

Citation

File Type

text

Language(s)

English

Rights

© 2013 American Chemical Society (ACS), All rights reserved.

Publication Date

01 May 2013

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