Isotopic Labeling Experiments That Elucidate the Mechanism of DNA Strand Cleavage by the Hypoxia-Selective Antitumor Agent 1,2,4-Benzotriazine 1,4-Di-N-oxide

Abstract

The 1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxides are an important class of potential anticancer drugs that selectively kill the low-oxygen (hypoxic) cells found in solid tumors. These compounds undergo intracellular one-electron enzymatic reduction to yield an oxygen-sensitive drug radical intermediate that partitions forward, under hypoxic conditions, to generate a highly reactive secondary radical that causes cell killing DNA damage. Here, we characterized bioreductively activated, hypoxia-selective DNA-strand cleavage by 1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxide. We found that one-electron enzymatic activation of 1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxide under hypoxic conditions in the presence of the deuterium atom donor methanol-d4 produced nondeuterated mono-N-oxide metabolites. This and the results of other isotopic labeling studies provided evidence against the generation of atom-abstracting drug radical intermediates and are consistent with a DNA-damage mechanism involving the release of hydroxyl radical from enzymatically activated 1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxides.

Department(s)

Chemistry

Keywords and Phrases

1,2,4 benzotriazine 1,4 dioxide; deuterium; hydroxyl radical; methanol; 1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-di-N-oxide; amine oxide; antineoplastic agent; triazine derivative; controlled study; cytotoxicity; DNA cleavage; DNA damage; DNA strand; enzyme activation; isotope labeling; anoxia; chemical structure; chemistry; DNA cleavage; drug effects; metabolism; Anoxia; Antineoplastic Agents; Cyclic N-Oxides; DNA Cleavage; Isotope Labeling; Molecular Structure; Triazines

International Standard Serial Number (ISSN)

0893-228X; 1520-5010

Document Type

Article - Journal

Document Version

Citation

File Type

text

Language(s)

English

Rights

© 2014 American Chemical Society (ACS), All rights reserved.

Publication Date

01 Dec 2014

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