Asymmetry in the N--Inversion of Heteroarene Imines: Pyrimidin-4(3H)-Imine, Pyridin-2(1H)-Imine, and 1H-Purine-6(9H)-Imine

Abstract

The uncatalyzed, thermal N-inversion reactions were studied of pyrimidin-4(3H)-imine (PMI), pyridin-2(1H)-imine (PYI), and 1H-purine-6(9H)-imine (PUI). Relevant regions of the potential energy surfaces were explored with second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2(full)/ 6-31G(d)) and with coupled cluster theory (CCSD/6-31G(d), CCSD/6-31+G(d)). The thermochemistry of stationary structures was evaluated at the MP2 level and their energies also were computed at the levels CCSD(T)/6-311+G(d,p) and CCSD(T)/6-311+G(2df,2p) and with structures optimized at lower CCSD levels. The best estimates for the (E)-preference free enthalpies ΔG298(Z vs. E) are 2.6 (PMI), 2.3 (PYI), and 6.0 (PUI) kcal/mol and for the free enthalpies of activation ΔG298(Z → E) they are 21.6 (PMI), 21.1 (PYI) and 19.7 (PUI) kcal/mol. Nonplanar N-inversion transition state (ITS) structures occur along enantiomeric reaction paths and stationary structures for in-plane N-inversion correspond to second-order saddle points (SOSP) on the potential energy surface. The deformation energy ΔEdef = E(SOSP) - E(ITS) is less than 0.5 kcal/mol for PMI and PUI, but it is as high as ΔEdef ≈ 2 kcal/mol for PYI. The detailed study of structures and electronic structures along the entire N-inversion path of the isomerization (Z)-PMI ⇆ (E)-PMI revealed a remarkable stabilization due to asymmetry in the ascent region from the (E)-isomer to ITS. Structures in this region of the potential energy surface allow best for additional bonding overlaps in the HOMO, and this amidine effect predicts lower N-inversion barriers in analogous imines with (Z)-preference energies. The discussion of the halogen-bonded aggregate PMI·ClCH3 exemplifies that the asymmetry in N-inversion paths is retained and perhaps even enhanced in chlorinated solvents of low polarity.

Department(s)

Chemistry

Keywords and Phrases

Best Estimates; CCSD; Chemical Equations; Chlorinated Solvent; Coupled-Cluster Theory; Deformation Energy; Free Enthalpy; In-Plane; MP2 Levels; N-Inversion Barriers; Plesset Perturbation Theory; Reaction Paths; Saddle Point; Second Orders; Transition State; Electronic Structure; Enthalpy; Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems; Isomers; Perturbation Techniques; Potential Energy; Potential Energy Surfaces; Quantum Chemistry; Surface Phenomena; Thermochemistry; Nitrogen Compounds; 1h Purin 6(9h) Imine; Imine; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon; Purine Derivative; Pyridin 2(1h) Imine; Pyridine Derivative; Pyrimidin 4(3h) Imine; Pyrimidine Derivative; Unclassified Drug; Chemical Reaction; Chemical Structure; Enantiomer; Isomerization; Molecular Model; Computer Simulation; Imines; Isomerism; Models; Chemical; Molecular Structure; Purines; Pyrimidines; Quantum Theory; Stereoisomerism; Thermodynamics

International Standard Serial Number (ISSN)

0022-3263; 1520-6904

Document Type

Article - Journal

Document Version

Citation

File Type

text

Language(s)

English

Rights

© 2010 American Chemical Society (ACS), All rights reserved.

Publication Date

01 Feb 2010

PubMed ID

20108911

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