Pathogenesis of Alzheimer Disease: Role of Oxidative Stress, Amyloid-Β Peptides, Systemic Ammonia and Erythrocyte Energy Metabolism

Abstract

Aß exerts prooxidant or antioxidant effects based on the metal ion concentrations that it sequesters from the cytosol; at low metal ion concentrations, it is an antioxidant, whereas at relatively higher concentration it is a prooxidant. Thus Alzheimer disease (AD) treatment strategies based solely on the amyloid-ß clearance should be re-examined in light of the vast accumulating evidence that increased oxidative stress in the human brains is the key causative factor for AD. Accumulating evidence indicates that the reduced brain glucose availability and brain hypoxia, due to the relatively lower concentration of ATP and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, may be associated with increased concentration of endogenous ammonia, a potential neurotoxin in the AD brains. In this review, we summarize the progress in this area, and present some of our ongoing research activities with regard to brain Amyloid-ß, systemic ammonia, erythrocyte energy metabolism and the role of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in AD pathogenesis.

Department(s)

Chemistry

Keywords and Phrases

Alzheimer disease; Ammonia; Amyloid-ß; Erythrocyte energy metabolism; Oxidative stress

International Standard Serial Number (ISSN)

1871-5273

Document Type

Article - Journal

Document Version

Citation

File Type

text

Language(s)

English

Rights

© 2014 Bentham Science Publishers, All rights reserved.

Publication Date

01 Feb 2014

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