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| Title: | Chemical and morphological analyses of zinc powders for alkaline batteries |
| Author (s): | Perez, Martin G. OKeefe, Matt O'Keefe, Thomas Ludlow, Douglas K. |
| Department/Lab Affiliations: | Chemical & Biological Engineering Energy Research and Development Center Materials Research Center Materials Science & Engineering |
| Keywords: | alkaline batteries hydrogen gassing zinc oxide zinc powder morphology zinc powder surface chemistry zinc powders |
| Issue Date: | 2007-02 |
| Publisher: | Springer |
| Citation: | Perez, Martin G., O'Keefe, Matthew., O'Keefe, Thomas., and Ludlow, Douglas K. "Chemical and Morphological Analyses of Zinc Powders for Alkaline Batteries." Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, vol. 37, no. 2, 2007. |
| Abstract: | Zinc powders containing Bi, In and either Mg or Al were analyzed to determine chemical and morphological differences. Morphology and chemistry may influence the reactivity of Zn powders in the basic environment found inside alkaline batteries. Increased reactivity leads to increased Zn corrosion, increased hydrogen gas evolution, and possibly leakage of the battery electrolyte. The surface chemistry of the powders was examined using Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and atomic absorption spectroscopy to check for surface ZnO. Powder chemistry was measured using an electron probe micro analyzer equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer. Inert gas fusion determined the bulk oxygen content. Morphology studies included powder sieving for size determination, examining loose powders with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and determining surface areas via Brunauer, Emmet, and Teller (BET) analyses. SEM images showed differences in powder shapes and surface conditions between passed and failed powders. Powders exhibiting smooth surfaces and regular shapes were more likely to pass gas testing. However, pass/fail gas test results could not be correlated to powder chemistry, powder size, or surface area. Powder roughness and irregularity may indicate an increase in the number of active sites such as peaks and barbs versus particles with smooth surfaces. |
| Type: | Article - Journal text |
| In Title: | Journal of Applied Electrochemistry |
| Copyright Notice: | This material is presented to ensure timely dissemination of scholarly and technical work. Copyright and all rights therein are retained by authors or by other copyright holders. All persons copying this information are expected to adhere to the terms and constraints invoked by each author's copyright. In most cases, these works may not be reposted without the explicit permission of the copyright holder. FULL COPYRIGHT INFORMATION: |
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| title | Chemical and morphological analyses of zinc powders for alkaline batteries |
| contributor.author | Perez, Martin G. |
| contributor.author | OKeefe, Matt |
| contributor.author | O'Keefe, Thomas |
| contributor.author | Ludlow, Douglas K. |
| contributor.deptlab | Chemical & Biological Engineering |
| contributor.deptlab | Energy Research and Development Center |
| contributor.deptlab | Materials Research Center |
| contributor.deptlab | Materials Science & Engineering |
| contributor.sponsor | National Science Foundation |
| subject | alkaline batteries |
| subject | hydrogen gassing |
| subject | zinc oxide |
| subject | zinc powder morphology |
| subject | zinc powder surface chemistry |
| subject | zinc powders |
| date.issued | 2007-02 |
| publisher | Springer |
| identifier.citation | Perez, Martin G., O'Keefe, Matthew., O'Keefe, Thomas., and Ludlow, Douglas K. "Chemical and Morphological Analyses of Zinc Powders for Alkaline Batteries." Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, vol. 37, no. 2, 2007. |
| identifier.pub.URI | |
| description.abstract | Zinc powders containing Bi, In and either Mg or Al were analyzed to determine chemical and morphological differences. Morphology and chemistry may influence the reactivity of Zn powders in the basic environment found inside alkaline batteries. Increased reactivity leads to increased Zn corrosion, increased hydrogen gas evolution, and possibly leakage of the battery electrolyte. The surface chemistry of the powders was examined using Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and atomic absorption spectroscopy to check for surface ZnO. Powder chemistry was measured using an electron probe micro analyzer equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer. Inert gas fusion determined the bulk oxygen content. Morphology studies included powder sieving for size determination, examining loose powders with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and determining surface areas via Brunauer, Emmet, and Teller (BET) analyses. SEM images showed differences in powder shapes and surface conditions between passed and failed powders. Powders exhibiting smooth surfaces and regular shapes were more likely to pass gas testing. However, pass/fail gas test results could not be correlated to powder chemistry, powder size, or surface area. Powder roughness and irregularity may indicate an increase in the number of active sites such as peaks and barbs versus particles with smooth surfaces. |
| type | Article - Journal |
| type.DCMIType | text |
| type.status | Final version |
| rights | This material is presented to ensure timely dissemination of scholarly and technical work. Copyright and all rights therein are retained by authors or by other copyright holders. All persons copying this information are expected to adhere to the terms and constraints invoked by each author's copyright. In most cases, these works may not be reposted without the explicit permission of the copyright holder. |
| rights.URI | |
| relation.isPartOf | Journal of Applied Electrochemistry |
| date.accessioned | 2008-05-22T20:05:23Z |
| date.available | 2008-06-02T21:01:13Z |
| identifier.persist.URI |